What is hypnosis and how does it help support the physiology of birth?

What is hypnosis?

“If you persuade yourself that you can do a certain thing, provided this thing be possible, you will do it however difficult it may be. If on the contrary you imagine that you cannot do the simplest thing in the world, it is impossible for you to do it, and molehills become for you unscalable mountains.” - Émile Coué, Self-Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion

Hypnosis is a state of focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and deep relaxation. It involves inducing a trance-like state where an individual becomes more open to suggestions and is highly responsive to the guidance of a hypnotist. In this altered state of consciousness, individuals may experience a heightened sense of concentration, increased imagination, and a temporary suspension of critical thinking. 

During hypnosis, the hypnotised person is not asleep or unconscious. Instead, they are in a state of focused awareness, often described as a deep state of relaxation. The process typically begins with the hypnotist guiding the individual through relaxation techniques, encouraging them to let go of tension and become more receptive to suggestions. 

Hypnosis is often used for therapeutic purposes, known as hypnotherapy. In a therapeutic setting, hypnosis can be employed to help individuals overcome various challenges, such as managing stress, reducing anxiety, addressing phobias, and even managing pain. 

The Fundamentals of Hypnosis:

  • Suggestion 

  • Concentration and focus

  • Relaxation

  • Altered state of consciousness

  • Susceptibility

  • Rapport and trust

  • Ethical considerations

Hypnotists adhere to professional standards of conduct, confidentiality, and informed consent when working with clients. Overall, the principles of hypnosis emphasise the power of suggestion, concentration, relaxation, and rapport in facilitating positive changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. 

Hypnobirthing - utilising the tools of hypnosis to support during the birthing process

Hypnobirthing is an approach to childbirth that emphasises relaxation, visualisation, and self-hypnosis techniques to promote a positive and calm birthing experience. Developed as a response to the traditional views of childbirth as a painful and stressful event, hypnobirthing aims to empower mothers and pregnant people to reduce anxiety associated with labour.

Central to hypnobirthing is the idea that fear and tension can create physical resistance, leading to increased discomfort during labour. The method encourages expectant women and people to release these fears through deep relaxation, controlled breathing, and mental imagery. Visualisation plays a key role, to envision a smooth and natural birth process.

Hypnosis Scripts

Hypnosis scripts are structured sequences of carefully crafted language, suggestions, and imagery used to guide individuals into a state of hypnosis and facilitate positive changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Hypnosis scripts are integral to hypnobirthing and are instrumental in addressing fears and anxieties around childbirth.

Hypnosis scripts include:

1. The induction phase of the script is designed to help the individual enter a state of hypnosis. It often involves relaxation techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, or guided imagery to calm the mind and body and induce a trance-like state. 

2. Once the individual is in a relaxed state, the script may include deepening techniques to further deepen the hypnotic trance. These techniques may involve suggestions to relax even more deeply, focus on specific sensations, or imagine descending deeper into relaxation with each breath. 

3. The core of the hypnosis script consists of suggestions or affirmations tailored to the individual's goals or intentions for the session. These suggestions are crafted using positive language and present tense statements to reinforce desired outcomes. They may address specific issues such as overcoming fears, changing habits, increasing self-confidence, or promoting relaxation. 

4. Many hypnosis scripts incorporate guided imagery or visualisations to engage the individual's imagination and facilitate deeper relaxation and receptivity to suggestions. 

5. Towards the end of the script, post-hypnotic suggestions may be included to reinforce the effects of the session beyond the hypnotic trance. These suggestions are intended to continue influencing thoughts, feelings, and behaviours after the session has ended. 

6. The script concludes with a reorientation phase to gently bring the individual out of hypnosis and back to full waking consciousness. This may involve counting up from one to five, gradually returning awareness to the surroundings, and feeling refreshed and alert. 

Hypnosis scripts can be tailored to meet the individual needs and preferences of clients, with adjustments made to language, imagery, and suggestions based on the specific goals of the session. By training the mind to associate childbirth with positive images and sensations, hypnobirthing seeks to minimise the perception of pain. Techniques such as affirmations, where positive statements are repeated to build confidence, contribute to creating a harmonious mental state.

How hypnobirthing interacts with the nervous system

Hypnobirthing techniques are deeply intertwined with the functioning of the nervous system, particularly the autonomic nervous system, which consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. 

Sympathetic Nervous System: is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response, activating during times of stress or perceived danger. In childbirth, fear, anxiety, or discomfort can trigger the SNS, leading to increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and tension in muscles. 

Hypnobirthing aims to counteract the SNS response by promoting relaxation and reducing fear and anxiety through techniques such as visualisation, deep breathing, and self-hypnosis.

Parasympathetic Nervous System: is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" response, promoting relaxation, calmness, and optimal functioning of bodily systems. Hypnobirthing techniques stimulate the PNS, triggering the relaxation response and reducing stress hormones such as cortisol. By activating the PNS, hypnobirthing helps to create a supportive environment for labour, promoting comfort, ease, and the smooth progression of childbirth.

Central Nervous System: is composed of the brain and spinal cord, plays a central role in processing sensory information and coordinating bodily functions. Hypnobirthing involves retraining the mind through positive affirmations, visualisation, and self-hypnosis to influence the perception of pain and facilitate relaxation. 

Hypnobirthing techniques engage with the nervous system to promote relaxation, reduce fear and anxiety, and enhance the body's natural ability to birth. 

In Summary

Hypnosis and Hypnobirthing share a common thread in their focus on the mind-body connection to facilitate positive experiences, particularly in the context of childbirth. Hypnosis induces a state of focused attention and deep relaxation. It aims to bypass the critical mind and access the subconscious, making individuals more receptive to suggestions. 

Both hypnosis and Hypnobirthing incorporate relaxation techniques as a fundamental aspect of their approaches. Deep relaxation helps individuals manage stress, reduce anxiety, and create a conducive environment for positive outcomes. The central theme in both is recognising and utilising the profound connection between the mind and body. Whether in a therapeutic context or childbirth, both methods aim to harness the power of the mind to influence physical experiences. 

“To access a woman’s physiological best during birth, I believe she must get into that “no-thinking zone” governed by the right brain. She must be in the present moment, not reminded of the past or strategising about the future. This is the state where natural endorphins are highest, and can help women to cope with birth pain.”                - Dr Amali Lokugamage, The Heart in the Womb

Hypnobirthing engages both hemispheres of the brain. Hypnobirthing aims for a balanced integration of both hemispheres of the brain. While the right brain is engaged for relaxation, visualisation, and emotional well-being, the left brain provides the analytical and organised framework necessary for effective preparation and decision-making during childbirth. By incorporating both logical, left-brain elements and intuitive, right-brain techniques, Hypnobirthing offers a comprehensive approach that addresses the cognitive, emotional, and physiological aspects of childbirth. This integration contributes to a holistic and empowering birthing experience for expectant parents.

The Physiology of birth

The physiology of birth involves a complex interplay of hormonal, muscular, and neurological processes designed to bring a baby from the womb into the world. The stages of labour are typically divided into three phases: dilation, expulsion, and placental, and reflect the sequential physiological changes that occur during childbirth.

Stage 1 - Dilation 

  • The onset of regular uterine contractions. These contractions are stimulated by the release of oxytocin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Oxytocin plays a central role in initiating and intensifying contractions.

  • As contractions become more frequent and intense, the cervix begins to dilate and efface (thin out). This allows the baby to descend through the birth canal.

Stage 2 - Expulsion (delivery of the baby)

  • The second stage involves the actual birth of the baby. The baby descends through the birth canal, with the mother pushing during contractions. The head emerges first, a stage known as crowning.

  • The baby's head and shoulders are guided through the birth canal. The muscles of the uterus and pelvic floor work together to facilitate the birth.

Stage 3 - Placental (delivery of the placenta)

  • After the baby is born, the third stage involves the delivery of the placenta. Oxytocin continues to play a role in contracting the uterus to help expel the placenta.

Throughout labour, various hormones play crucial roles:

  1. Oxytocin - Often referred to as the "love hormone" or "bonding hormone," oxytocin is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labour. It is released in response to various stimuli, including nipple stimulation, skin-to-skin contact, and emotional bonding. Oxytocin also plays a role in promoting maternal-infant bonding and milk ejection during breastfeeding. 

  2. Prostaglandins - Contribute to cervical ripening and the softening of tissues in preparation for birth.

  3. Endorphins - are the body's natural pain-relieving hormones. They are released in response to stress and pain, helping to alleviate discomfort during labour and promoting a sense of well-being. Endorphins are released in higher levels during natural, unmedicated childbirth, contributing to the pain management process.

  4. Adrenaline  - it is often referred to as the "fight or flight" hormone because it is released in response to stress or perceived threats. During labour, small amounts of adrenaline are released, which can help to increase alertness, energy, and focus. However, excessive adrenaline levels can inhibit the release of oxytocin and slow down labour progress. Hypnobirthing and relaxation techniques aim to minimise adrenaline release during labour.

  5. Prolactin - it is known as the "milk-producing hormone." It is released in higher levels during and after childbirth, stimulating milk production in the breasts. Prolactin levels increase further during breastfeeding, promoting milk synthesis and supporting lactation.  

In understanding the hormonal process of labour, we can begin to view the importance of avoiding entering into the fight or flight response.

The "fight or flight" response is a physiological reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system when the body perceives a threat or stressor, it can also play a role in childbirth. 

During labour, birthing people may experience moments of stress, anxiety, or fear, which can activate the fight or flight response. This can be triggered by various factors, including concerns about labour pain, the birthing environment, medical interventions, or previous traumatic birth experiences. 

When the fight or flight response is activated during labour, several physiological changes occur in the body, including: 

  • The body releases stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which prepare the body for action. While these hormones can temporarily increase alertness and energy, they can also inhibit the release of oxytocin, the hormone responsible for uterine contractions, and slow down labour progress. 

  • The heart rate and blood pressure may rise in response to the perceived threat, redirecting blood flow to vital organs and muscles in preparation for action. The body may tense up in preparation for fight or flight, leading to increased muscle tension, particularly in the shoulders, neck, and pelvic floor muscles. This tension can interfere with the body's ability to relax and may exacerbate labour pain. 

  • In some cases, the redirection of blood flow away from non-essential organs, including the uterus, can temporarily reduce oxygen supply to the uterine muscles, potentially slowing down contractions and labour progress. 

Managing the fight or flight response during childbirth is essential to support a positive and physiological birth experience. Techniques such as relaxation, deep breathing, visualisation, and hypnobirthing can help counteract stress and anxiety, promoting the release of oxytocin. 

Hypnobirthing techniques aim to activate the parasympathetic nervous system, creating a calm and supportive birthing environment, where birthing people feel safe, respected, and in control, can also help minimise the activation of the fight or flight response and support physiological birth.

Exploring birth; focusing on positive, natural centred and informed approaches

“... the most important knowledge a woman can gather in preparation for birth is self knowledge - knowledge about what her body and mind need to feel safe enough to trust her instinct and intuition” - Dr Rachel Reed, Reclaiming Childbirth as a Rite of Passage

Dr Rachel Reed’s work often advocates for a holistic approach to childbirth, considering the physical, emotional, and psychological aspects of the birthing experience. She encourages birthing people to be active participants in their care, empowered to make informed decisions and advocate for their preferences during labour and delivery.

Sphincter Law

“Optimum functioning of our various sphincters is easier to obtain when we understand how to better accommodate our thoughts to the needs of our bottom.”      - Ina May Gaskin, Ina May Gaskin’s Guide to Childbirth

The concept of the "Sphincter Law," introduced by midwife Ina May Gaskin, emphasises the link between relaxation and the body's optimal functioning, especially in the context of childbirth.

The Sphincter Law states that sphincter muscles function best when the body is relaxed. In childbirth, relaxation is crucial for the smooth progress of labour and cervical opening. Fear and tension can impede hormone release and slow down dilation.

The Sphincter Law underscores the importance of creating a supportive and calming birthing environment, where birthing people feel safe, respected, and empowered. Techniques such as relaxation exercises, breathing techniques, massage, and hypnobirthing can help promote relaxation during childbirth, supporting the body's natural physiological processes and enhancing the overall birthing experience.

Gaskin encourages women to trust their bodies and believe in the natural capabilities of childbirth. She believes that fear and tension can contribute to complications and pain during labour, and fostering a positive mindset can lead to a more positive birthing experience.

Both Ina May Gaskin’s approach and hypnobirthing share the common theme of empowering women during childbirth. They emphasise the importance of education, positive thinking, and trusting the body’s natural processes.

Michael Odent’s Approach to Childbirth

“All mammals hide themselves, isolate themselves to give birth. They need privacy. It is the same for humans. We should always be aware of this need for privacy”               - Michael Odent, Birth and Breastfeeding, Rediscovering the needs of women during pregnancy and childbirth

Michael Odent is known for emphasising the importance of allowing childbirth to unfold as a physiological process. He believes that, in many cases, intervention in childbirth should be minimal, allowing the natural processes to occur without unnecessary interference. Odent has highlighted the significance of creating a comfortable and supportive birthing environment. He suggests that a calm and private setting, along with minimal disturbances, contributes to a smoother birthing process.

In many ways, Odent’s emphasis on the importance of minimising stress and promoting relaxation during childbirth parallels the principles of Sphincter Law. Both have aligned beliefs in minimising stress, anxiety and interventions during childbirth to support the body’s natural physiological processes. Hypnobirthing shares these principles by focusing on relaxation, positive mindset and reducing fear and anxiety during childbirth.

In conclusion

“Hypnobirthing is relevant to all. It is a way of introducing women to the concept of choice surrounding their births. It is a way of changing our pre-existing stories relating to birth, whether it is a process we have already been through or are about to go through. Hypnobirthing is not just about hypnosis.”                                                     - Dani Diosi, Hypnobirthing: Breathing in Short Pants

Hypnobirthing is a specific childbirth education method that focuses on the mind-body connection. It incorporates self-hypnosis, relaxation techniques, positive affirmations and informed choice to reduce anxiety and promote a calm birthing environment. 

These techniques and knowledge can positively influence labour and delivery in several ways: reduce intervention rates, increase confidence and trust, improve birth satisfaction and support optimal hormonal balance. All of which have an impact on the individuals ability to advocate for themselves and their birth preferences and make decisions that support physiological birth. While the body is designed to handle childbirth naturally, medical interventions may be necessary in certain situations to ensure the well-being of both the pregnant person and the baby.

Francesca Wilford-Davis, 10th February, 2024